PUF-Dilithium: Design of a PUF-Based Dilithium Architecture Benchmarked on ARM Processors

PUF-Dilithium: Design of a PUF-Based Dilithium Architecture Benchmarked on ARM Processors

연구 분야: Cryptography

학회: ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, Volume 24, Issue 2

Addressing the looming threat posed by quantum computers capable of breaching current public key cryptography schemes has become imperative. To this end, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated a competition in Post-Quantum Cryptography, resulting in the selection of four schemes as the new standardized replacements, while a fourth round and an additional signature round is still ongoing. Notably, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, a lattice-based signature scheme, has exhibited promising resilience due to its efficiency and simplicity. Despite the finalization of standardization for these new four schemes, transitioning from classical cryptography to these alternatives necessitates further investigation and analysis. Comprehensive scrutiny of these newly standardized schemes is imperative, including considerations of implementation efficiency across various platforms and side-channel vulnerability analysis. This article introduces a novel design leveraging physical unclonable functions to bolster the physical security of CRYSTALS-Dilithium. Physical security is paramount in scenarios where network nodes are exposed to public scrutiny, potentially making them targets for adversaries. After discussing the advantages of our design compared to the original design, we implemented it on two different architectures, ARMv7 and ARMv8. Our results indicate substantial improvements in both security and performance compared to existing references. Moreover, noting the new competition initiated by the NIST in 2023 for new signatures (first round finalized in October 2024), potentially the proposed schemes can be adopted to the new standards set to be finalized in the coming years. These make our scheme not solely confined to the current standards and would be an important merit of the presented approaches.